THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FOREST ROAD BUILDING

Forest road density in Latvia is insufficient, although the Joint Stock Company ‘‘Latvijas valsts meži” (“Latvian State Forestry”) performs active forest road building. The hypothesis of the research is that the resources invested in a forest road building pay off during its use. The goal of the research is to study the economic benefit from forest road building. The authors’ research showed that the total costs of forest road building and use could result in Ls 246,779 over 40 years or Ls 6,170 per year. The benefit from building a forest road could be Ls 42,661 in cash or 0.89 Ls/m3 . Thus the total net loss is Ls 204,118. The calculation of the net present value with the discount rate of 2% also showed that forest road building is not economically beneficial in the researched period

THE STUDY OF YOUTH’ HABITS OF USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN CAREER GUIDANCE

With the increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in different areas of life, the type of communication and socialization among young people is changing. There is a need for an in-depth look at the possibilities for using ICT in career guidance for young people. The purpose of the study is to discover ICT usage habits of 8-12. classroom students. The study was developed in the Latvia University of Agriculture, the Institute of Education and Home Economics within the Master study programme Career Counsellor. 176 students were involved in the study from six comprehensive schools of Jurmala city. The surveys were conducted in 2016 and 2017. The study revealed that young people use ICT mainly as a means of communication and information source. Questionnaire revealed the most used social networks are Youtube, WhatsApp, Instragram and e-Class. Most of the young people are active in social networks several times a day and this communication channel is an appropriate resource for conducing career guidance for the audience of young, both for communication and the exchange of information on education and work opportunities, during classroom lessons and outside. Results of the research could be used by school teachers and school career counsellors

RESTRUCTURE OF THE ENTERPRISE TO MICRO– ENTERPRISE TO USE TAX ADVANTAGES IN ORDER TO INCREASE PROFITABILITY, CASE STUDY

At 01/09/2010, Micro–enterprise Tax Law came into force in Latvia. The Law permits paying of single micro–enterprise tax at the rate of 9% from turnover. Innovations of the article – there have been insufficient studies on impact of this law. The aim of the paper is to discover whether legislation amendments permit the enterprise to reduce costs via network of branches by restructuring thereof into micro– enterprises. The study is based on a case study. Used methodology: study of financial documents, PEST analysis, interview, questionnaire. During the study, cost/revenue analysis has been conducted, two cash flows have been created. Results of the study are summed up in conclusions and demonstrate that restructuring of branches into micro– enterprises permits the companies to increase profitability and to decrease the costs (question of the study has been answered affirmatively), competitiveness of company is growing, and the restructuring must emphasize surveyor's motivation as well

Estimation of Economic Benefit of the Introduction of Latvia in the European Union

For Latvia with incoming into the European Union big opportunities in the international markets have opened. Paper purpose is to investigate influence of international integration processes on development of economy of Latvia. In paper various indicators of a national economy before and after incoming into EU are compared. In paper it is defined that joining to EU has increased for Latvia net grants from EU budget. But grants still do not promote development of economy of Latvia, but more stimulate development of internal demand. For demand gain satisfaction, in the conditions of poorly developed internal producing, from abroad the various goods are imported into Latvia, negative difference of export and import is increase. Also inflow of the capital to Latvia after incoming into EU is not used for positive changes in internal economy, and directed to the branches related with finance movings. Actually the industries have not felt essential inflow of the capital. After incoming into EU Latvia has started to export labour force. As a result of migration of labour in Latvia the rate of unemployment has decreased, the wages are grown, expenses on a labour that has grown, that reduced an export potential of internal products. EU grants, capital inflow, gain of wages has caused an inflation gain in Latvia. Considering that together with inflation purchasing capacity of inhabitants has grown, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the population well-being has grown. These processes mainly have short-term character. Migration will decrease, considering a gain of wages or because of reduction of labour resources; inflow of the speculative capital will stop because of insufficiency of reliable pledges. It is possible to assert that they will stop, when the standard of living in EU and Latvia will be approximately identical, i.e. in the end of cohesion process in EU. Most stabile is relation of grants and import. Grants are provided to reduce dependence of the state on import but on the contrary, grants increase import volume. Latvia still cannot find the specialisation in EU and in the global markets. Therefore it became dependent on grants of EU and on international help. Definition of specialisation and an effective using of grants could change situation and promote economy development in Latvia.ekonomiskā izaugsme, Eiropas Savienība, starptautiskais tirgus, integrācija, globalizācija

Latvijas iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā ekonomiskā efekta novērtēšana

For Latvia with incoming into the European Union big opportunities in the international markets have opened. Paper purpose is to investigate influence of international integration processes on development of economy of Latvia. In paper various indicators of a national economy before and after incoming into EU are compared. In paper it is defined that joining to EU has increased for Latvia net grants from EU budget. But grants still do not promote development of economy of Latvia, but more stimulate development of internal demand. For demand gain satisfaction, in the conditions of poorly developed internal producing, from abroad the various goods are imported into Latvia, negative difference of export and import is increase. Also inflow of the capital to Latvia after incoming into EU is not used for positive changes in internal economy, and directed to the branches related with finance movings. Actually the industries have not felt essential inflow of the capital. After incoming into EU Latvia has started to export labour force. As a result of migration of labour in Latvia the rate of unemployment has decreased, the wages are grown, expenses on a labour that has grown, that reduced an export potential of internal products. EU grants, capital inflow, gain of wages has caused an inflation gain in Latvia. Considering that together with inflation purchasing capacity of inhabitants has grown, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the population well-being has grown. These processes mainly have short-term character. Migration will decrease, considering a gain of wages or because of reduction of labour resources; inflow of the speculative capital will stop because of insufficiency of reliable pledges. It is possible to assert that they will stop, when the standard of living in EU and Latvia will be approximately identical, i.e. in the end of cohesion process in EU. Most stabile is relation of grants and import. Grants are provided to reduce dependence of the state on import but on the contrary, grants increase import volume. Latvia still cannot find the specialisation in EU and in the global markets. Therefore it became dependent on grants of EU and on international help. Definition of specialisation and an effective using of grants could change situation and promote economy development in Latvia

Latvijas iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā ekonomiskā efekta novērtēšana

For Latvia with incoming into the European Union big opportunities in the international markets have opened. Paper purpose is to investigate influence of international integration processes on development of economy of Latvia. In paper various indicators of a national economy before and after incoming into EU are compared. In paper it is defined that joining to EU has increased for Latvia net grants from EU budget. But grants still do not promote development of economy of Latvia, but more stimulate development of internal demand. For demand gain satisfaction, in the conditions of poorly developed internal producing, from abroad the various goods are imported into Latvia, negative difference of export and import is increase. Also inflow of the capital to Latvia after incoming into EU is not used for positive changes in internal economy, and directed to the branches related with finance movings. Actually the industries have not felt essential inflow of the capital. After incoming into EU Latvia has started to export labour force. As a result of migration of labour in Latvia the rate of unemployment has decreased, the wages are grown, expenses on a labour that has grown, that reduced an export potential of internal products. EU grants, capital inflow, gain of wages has caused an inflation gain in Latvia. Considering that together with inflation purchasing capacity of inhabitants has grown, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the population well-being has grown. These processes mainly have short-term character. Migration will decrease, considering a gain of wages or because of reduction of labour resources; inflow of the speculative capital will stop because of insufficiency of reliable pledges. It is possible to assert that they will stop, when the standard of living in EU and Latvia will be approximately identical, i.e. in the end of cohesion process in EU. Most stabile is relation of grants and import. Grants are provided to reduce dependence of the state on import but on the contrary, grants increase import volume. Latvia still cannot find the specialisation in EU and in the global markets. Therefore it became dependent on grants of EU and on international help. Definition of specialisation and an effective using of grants could change situation and promote economy development in Latvia

Objektu monitorings ar zema enerģijas patēriņa iegultām iekārtām un heterogēniem bezvadu sensoru tīkliem

Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumusBezvadu sensoru tīkli ir kļuvuši par neatņemamu daļu no visuresošās skaitļošanas (Ubiquitous Computing) un lietu interneta (Internet of Things). Darba ietvaros izstrādāta un aprakstīta vispārīgā metode iegulto sensoro iekārtu izveidei, kuru pielietojot, iespējams radīt rīkus objektu monitoringam un datu ievākšanai, kas, savukārt, izmanto zema enerģijas patēriņa iegultas sensorās iekārtas un heterogēnus bezvadu sensoru tīklus. Darba gaitā izstrādātā metode pielietota, lai radītu rīku kopumu, kas piemēroti savvaļas dzīvnieku, piemēram, Eirāzijas lūšu (Lynx lynx) vai Eirāzijas pelēko vilku (Canis lupus lupus) monitoringam un aktivitāšu noteikšanai. Darbā izvirzītā hipotēze arī aprobēta un iegūtie rezultāti apkopoti, pielietojot radītos rīkus auto orientēšanās pasākumu dalībnieku izsekošanai. Daļa no darba rezultātiem tiek pielietoti datu ieguvei un apmaiņai, veicot apvidus izpēti pirms saules un vēja enerģijas ieguves iekārtu uzstādīšanas. Darbā sasniegtie rezultāti, radot dažāda pielietojuma iegultās sensorās iekārtas balstoties uz piedāvāto vispārīgo metodi, pierāda, ka tā ir pielietojama. Atslēgas vārdi Bezvadu sensoru tīkli, objektu monitorings, savvaļas dzīvnieki, komunikācija tīklā, pret aizturēm noturīga datu pārraide.Wireless sensor networks have become an integral part of the ubiquitous computing and the Internet of Things. During research has been developed and descrobed general method for creating embedded sensor equipment. By applying in one can create tools for object monitoring and data collection using low-power embedded sensor equipment and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In the course of work the method was applied to create the tool package suitable for monitoring and determination of activities of wild animals, i.e. Eurasian lynxes (Lynx lynx) or Eurasian grey wolves (Canis lupus lupus). Some of works hypotheses are evaluated and results are categorized by applying them to track participants of car orienteering events. As well some assumptions of research are evaluated based on data collection and exchange in monitoring of sites of future renewable energy plants. The results achieved by creating various usage embedded sensor devices shows that genral method described in thesis is applicable. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Object Monitoring, Wilds Animals, Network Communication, Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networking

Latvija. Pārskats par tautas attīstību 2004/2005: Rīcībspēja reģionos

Izdevuma mērķis ir aplūkot tautas attīstību kā cilvēka darbības iespēju un rīcībspējas paplašināšanu. Līdz šim Latvijas pārskati par tautas attīstību ir analizējuši svarīgas šī procesa sastāvdaļas – cilvēkdrošību, indivīda, valsts un privātā sek to ra partnerību, sociālo vienotību – un pētījuši tādus sociālos procesus (globalizācija, sabiedrības sociālā integrācija pārejas posmā u.c.), kuri būtiski ietekmē tautas attīstību. Šajā Pārskatā izvērtēta tautas attīstības norise reģionos.United Nations Development Programm

Latvija. Pārskats par tautas attīstību, 2010/2011: Nacionālā identitāte, mobilitāte un rīcībspēja

2010./2011. gada pārskats ir veidots valsts pētījumu programmas „Nacionālā identitāte” ietvaros. Pārskata uzdevums ir aplūkot indivīda nacionālās piederības saturu tautas attīstības kontekstā. 2010./2011. gada pārskatā īpaša uzmanība pievērsta arī emigrācijas jautājumiem, jo tautas attīstību vājina iedzīvotāju skaita samazināšanās valstī. Cilvēku aizceļošana un dzīve citās zemēs ir liecība tam, ka pastāv nemitīga identitāšu konkurence un transformācija. Pārskats arī atklāj to apstākļu un paņēmienu paleti (rīcībspēju), kas sekmē cilvēka piesaisti vietai, reģionam. Pārskata pirmās divas daļas, kur aplūkota nacionālā identitāte un emigrācija, vairāk atklāj problēmas un veicamos uzdevumus, taču trešajā daļā rīcībspējas izpēte ļauj iezīmēt sasniegumus, ko guvušas dažādas kopienas, stiprinot piederības sajūtu vietai.Pārskats par tautas attīstību sagatavots valsts pētījumu programmas «Nacionālā identitāte» ietvaros